Water Footprint refers to the amount of water used to produce different products and services. So, the amount of water used to produce a shoe or a shirt is the water footprint of that article. More specifically, it is a measure of water use pertaining to an item. It can apply to a product, a service, an individual, a country and even the whole world. An individual’s consumption of fresh water based on the products and services he or she uses or consumes per year is his or her water footprint.
In 2016, the World Economic Forum ranked the water crisis as the highest concern for the next decade.
Demand for global freshwater
Measuring water footprint and taking all the necessary steps to keep that level as low as possible is extremely important for mankind. Experts predict that by 2030 the demand for global freshwater will exceed supply by 40 per cent. Reduced water supply will surely affect the worldwide manufacturing and agricultural industries.
The majority of the water footprint of an individual is the virtual water. That means the indirect consumption of water by consuming different products and services account for the most amount of water consumed by an individual. With this in mind, the producer of those goods and services need to take steps to lessen the use of water in the production of their marketplace offerings.
The water footprint of countries indicates how careful and responsible the people and manufacturers of a country measure in terms of using water. However, water usage is not separated by geopolitical boundaries. The implications of water management can be global in nature. So, water footprint is a global thing and the global community sooner or later will have to come to a consensus on the policies that can help all the countries keep their water footprint level minimum.
Will we ever see water footprint labels on consumer products?
Displaying water inputs on consumer items is an idea floated frequently, but is it any closer to becoming reality?
That 130 litres of water go into making your average coffee is a statistic that amazes most people. Even more surprising is that hardly anyone, even in the business community, has the foggiest idea how much water goes into manufacturing our favourite consumer products, from the field to factory.
Seeking to address the dearth of information on the water required to produce a single product, from ready meals and soft drinks to t-shirts and electronic items, a variety of organisations have over the years floated the idea of water footprint labelling.
The general premise is that quantifying water inputs, like nutritional and calorie labels on food items, will help to influence purchasing habits, encouraging consumers to resist highly water-intensive products. It would incentivise product manufacturers to scale back unnecessary waste and awaken consumer consciousness about water insecurity.
According to Dr. Zafar Adeel, director of the UN University's Institute of Water, Environment and Health in Canada, not only does water footprint labelling make sense, but it is just around the corner. “People are often surprised and then ask, ‘why didn't we know about this before?’
“I wouldn't call it a pipe dream,” he says. “It will take five to 10 years for it to become fairly common.”
Adeel suggests that a few pioneering companies may take the lead, rather than the government intervening. This, in turn, would spur industry-wide initiatives.
Growing consumer demand will be an important driver, he explains. “As we come up with new ways of measuring sustainability and the green economy, that will create back pressure on the private sector to come up with these schemes to provide more information.”
Not everyone shares Adeel's optimism, however. Many critics regard any water footprint labelling scheme as a well-intentioned but ultimately meritless initiative, which risks further bamboozling already confused consumers.
Alistair Knox, chairman of the Association of Suppliers to the British Clothing Industry, is one influential voice in the clothing industry to pour cold water on the idea. The proposal is just not on the clothing industry's agenda, he says and is far below issues such as the durability of garments or energy usage.
“It would be a bit pointless. There is already a huge amount of information on garment labels that people very rarely, if ever, look at,” he says, adding that the industry would regard any serious proposal as a “little bit bizarre”.
In Knox's view, any figure assigned to a clothing product for water usage is “dubious” as it is “from difficult to impossible” to calculate accurately beyond a generic average. He uses the example of cotton yarn, the fibres of which may have come from several regions, each of which may have had different irrigation systems.
“How are you going to average that? Whatever number you come up with is just somebody's thumb in the air.” The same could be said for many other consumer industries, such as electronic goods.
Knox also challenges the idea that water volume use is an important consideration for consumers. “The bottom line is that water recycles … Where is that water now? It's back in the system.”
The sense that water volume labelling is too simplistic is shared by Felix Ockborn, environmental sustainability coordinator for water at high-street clothing retailer H&M. While Ockborn welcomes product scoring on sustainability performance, he says it is just as vital to consider the context of the water consumption in any labelling system.
“Only providing a volumetric product footprint would be misguiding if it does not incorporate where the water was taken from,” he says. “What is most important is what we and other companies do to ensure that water is used responsibly.”
Simon Davidoff, senior director of strategy for industrial services at Siemens, supports the idea of water footprint labels alongside energy use indicators. Technological advances mean it is relatively easy to quantify consumption and wastage in factory environments, he says.
Like Adeel, Davidoff believes water footprint labels are now inevitable. “Consumers will demand it,” he says. The challenge will be in agreeing how far back companies should go to measure water inputs.
“Where do you draw the line? Say you get a delivery of raw materials to the factory gate and then you add the water footprint of the truck that delivered it or the gas that powered the truck … It just becomes a bit crazy.”
This is not to say that no attempt has been made to develop a water footprint methodology. Non-profit organisations such as the Water Footprint Network, for instance, have proposed global standards for companies to calculate water consumption. But the major industries are still some way from agreeing to a common approach.
“Right now it is down to each individual company to do their own measurements. Until there is a recognised benchmark, water and environmental labelling is perhaps going to be taken as a nice attempt, but just a marketing stunt,” continues Davidoff.
Until this thorny issue can be overcome and a global standard for water footprinting agreed, any label put forward by companies will face an uphill battle to gain credibility among consumers. In the meantime, most of us, perhaps unsurprisingly, will remain none the wiser.
****
How Is Water Footprint calculated?
The combined total of direct and indirect usage of water in the lifecycle of products and related services all play a role in the overall footprint calculation.
There are three different types of water footprint; Green, Blue, and Grey.
Green Water Footprint: It refers to the amount of rainwater required to produce a product. It is mainly relevant for forestry, horticultural and agricultural products.
Blue Water Footprint: It refers to the amount of groundwater or surface water required to produce a product. Domestic water use, industry, and irrigated agriculture can each have a blue water footprint.
Grey Water Footprint: It refers to the amount of freshwater required to incorporate dilute pollutants to meet particular water quality standards (like the standards set by the US Clean Water Act).
from daily news